Overview
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is damage to the macula — the small central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. There are two forms: dry (more common, slower progression) and wet (rarer but can cause rapid vision loss). Modern treatments for wet AMD are remarkably effective when started promptly, and dry AMD progression can be slowed with the right nutritional support.
Symptoms
- •No symptoms in early dry AMD
- •Gradual loss of central (reading) vision
- •Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted
- •Dark or blurry spot in the center of vision
- •Difficulty recognizing faces
- •Need for brighter light when reading
- •Sudden change in central vision (wet AMD — emergency)
Causes & Risk Factors
- •Age over 50 (risk increases significantly with each decade)
- •Family history of AMD
- •Smoking (the largest modifiable risk factor)
- •Caucasian ethnicity
- •Obesity and high blood pressure
- •Diet low in leafy greens, fish, and antioxidant nutrients
- •Significant lifetime UV exposure
How It's Diagnosed
Macular evaluation is part of every comprehensive exam. We use retinal imaging to document the macula and track changes year-over-year. Patients with confirmed AMD often use an Amsler grid at home to monitor for new symptoms between visits.
Treatment Options
- 1Anti-VEGF injections for wet AMD (often preserve or improve vision)
- 2AREDS-2 nutritional supplements for intermediate dry AMD
- 3Lifestyle changes: stop smoking, leafy-green-rich diet, UV protection
- 4Low-vision rehabilitation for advanced cases
- 5Regular monitoring to catch progression early
When to See an Eye Doctor
Adults over 50 should be evaluated annually. ANY sudden change in central vision — new distortion, a dark spot, blurry reading vision — is an emergency. Same-day evaluation can preserve vision.
Related Service
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is detected and monitored through our Macular Degeneration Screening service.
Learn About Macular Degeneration